نشریه نشاء علم
سال دوازدهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 23، دی 1400)

In today's world, many problems, such as the deadly pandemics that science seeks to solve, are borderless in nature, and overcoming such challenges goes through the international scientific cooperation between scientists and policymakers working across geopolitical boundaries. Over the past few decades, in parallel with traditional diplomacy, a new type of diplomacy has emerged in the field of international relations called science diplomacy (SD), which has important features such as diversity, pervasive multilateralism, involving citizens and civil society, and high impact. In fact, scientific diplomacy is used to describe many types of exchanges in the fields of science, technology and innovation (STI), and participation of countries in the higher educational (HE) programs. Despite the high diversity of the field, it is divided into three main categories, including science in diplomacy, diplomacy for science, and science for diplomacy. Over the past few decades, countries that have been at the forefront of key science and technology have also benefited greatly from the potential of science diplomacy. Past experiences also show that the development of strategic scientific relations and scientific cooperation between countries or even rival blocs can prevent diplomatic failures and reduce the possibility of destructive conflicts and tensions in the global arena. On the other hand, at the present time, the world faces many and varied challenges, in some cases, solving them is beyond the scientific and technical capacities of a country alone. This article discusses the importance, examples, achievements, opportunities/challenges and experiences of some countries and a number of international institutions in the field of science diplomacy and scientific authority.

Science and Technology Diplomacy (STD) aiming at better understanding and enhancing relations among science and technology for international affairs for coping national and international challenges has been considered seriously in recent decades. One of the most important factors in STD is international scientific collaboration. Analyzing the literature review showed that these elements has been categorized in four groups including infrastructural, national, and international factors. In structural group, international scientific collaborations, academic exchange of students and professors, education, financial aids and copyrights, developing virtual communications and educational infrastructures and focusing on international norms. Facilitating visa for scientific cooperation’s, compiling related regulations in order to publish international researches, Sabbatical Leave and etc. In national level, diplomacy stakeholders like universities and research centers, knowledge base enterprises, incubators, science and technology parks and policy making councils in diplomacy and science and technology related issues are the most important factors. In international group, science and technology exhibitions, internationalization of education, and using people with international figures are the most important indicators. Scientific collaborations and related issues play an important role in enhancing STD. Of course, science creates a kind of diplomacy that requires close cooperation between nations, elites, universities and scientific centers, governmental and non-governmental organizations in different countries. It is necessary to be considered facilities and initiative in to promote scientific collaboration by policymakers and stakeholders in order to accelerate scientific movement and using scientific potentials effectively.

Nowadays, the application of the principles of lean higher education is considered as a strategy to reduce costs and wastes, and consequently improve the quality and effectiveness in universities. Thus, the purpose of this study is to investigate the concept of lean and principles of lean higher education in universities and higher education institutions in Iran and abroad. To achieve this purpose, a systematic review of past articles and reports between 2005 and 2019 was used. The results of this study showed that all studies conducted in Iran and abroad have supported the application of the principles of lean higher education. Although the study does not provide an in-depth analysis in this regard and only presents the aspects of the studies done, nevertheless, it can increase the understanding of academic administrators and change their attitudes in the importance of applying these principles. Based on the findings of this study, the implementation of the principles of lean higher education in the academic system of Iran requires a change in the mentality of academic administrators, compilation and review of academic strategic planning based on the five principles of lean, holding workshops about the lean higher education for academic staff and administrators and also, the establishment of an office called the Office of Lean Higher Education in universities.

Grassroots innovations are community-based solutions which are provided to respond to the needs of the local community. Working with local knowledge will be developed with people’s interaction with each other and environmental challenges; grassroots innovations are easy and inexpensive, and easy to apply and replicate; the motivation for this type of innovation is not profit or commercialization, but the important principle in this type of innovation is preserving identity & culture. Grassroots innovations are usually informal, indigenous and local, and carried out by ordinary people who have no experiences in the formal and organized sectors to achieve sustainable development. The purpose of this paper is getting acquainted with grassroots innovations in other countries. In this study, we used the documentary method. We are going to examine the grassroots innovations in India, Brazil and Argentina, which were primers of grassroots innovation movements, and have taken a brief look at the grassroots innovations in countries such as Malaysia, China, South Africa, and England. Grassroots innovations are often formed to serve local goals or solve local problems. The two components of "greenness" (attention to the environment) and "low cost" are the most important components of popular innovations.

In today's world, companies and organizations are required to innovate, constantly update products and services, and invent smart methods to continue working in the future and attract customers. New technologies, environmental considerations, government regulation and global competition are some of the factors that drive the need for innovation. Establishing an innovation system depends on the flexibility of the organization and helps to find answers to challenging issues and gain new opportunities. Ultimately, big ideas and new inventions are often the result of a vast array of ideas and changes, all of which have been driven in the most effective way. Innovation management system provides a systematic approach to integrating innovation at all levels of the organization, which creates opportunities for the development of new solutions, systems, products and services. Therefore, having a guidance framework for the innovation management system can help solve the problems in this area. These frameworks are the same as the standards. Standardization acts as a technology transfer bridge to empower and facilitate innovation. This article discusses innovation management, standards related to the innovation system and their importance

Archaeology interprets and rebuilds the past of human (mankind) based on material and spiritual remains. When it comes to archeological data, our thoughts will be focused on remain works of past people such as manuscripts, furniture, remaining of houses and cultural works which fills our museums; therefore, the main issue of archaeology is humankind and its artifacts that human species creates either intentionally or unintentionally (consciously or unconsciously) during the time. The current archaeology in Iran is working with a historical cultural approach which is an evolutionary approach to morphology of past people's artifacts; while applied archaeology is looking for solving the problems of contemporary society with development and comprehensive approach by using of the past.The aim of this article is explaining the importance of applied archaeology as interdisciplinary knowledge. The research is done in a descriptive–analytical manner and with critical approach. The result shows that applied archaeology has nature of interdisciplinary and according to that, it could use cultural heritage huge potential of the country contemporary and modern coincides with the objectification and stable protection to develop the tourism and cultural economy.

These mines can be considered as industrial mining and cultural heritage, Scince all the mines had roads and streets, water and electricity and residential buildings with a small cost of reconstruction and preserving the architecture, they can change their use as mining museum park. In this new environment,the technical workers working in the mine are again employed as tour leader. An new economic conditions provent the migration of indigeneos peoples. The research methods in this study is descriptive and analytical and refers to similar studies worwide. The results show that so far a large number of abandoned mines in the word have been turned into mining museum park. These parks have become a place of natural science education, especially environment issue for different classes of people, by meetings the needs of tourists. In Iran ,in the 2010yeat, the issue of establishing mining museum park was arised. So far, Kanijkola coal mine, Khorbiabanak potash mine and Angoran lead zinc mine have been turned into mining museum park or feasibility study on them are over. In this article, the charecteristics of mining museum park of Iran are introduced and described for the first time.

In the present article, while referring to different types of medicinal leeches and their importance, the history of world leech therapy with its inconsistency are discussed. The application of medicinal leeches reached its peak in the nineteenth century, and consequently led to the extinction of their populations in many Western countries, and then there was a drop of leech therapy. By isolating Hirudin from salivary glands, leech saliva complex compounds were again significantly welcomed in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, organ transplantation and plastic surgery. In Iran, medicinal leeches have been used for treatment of different diseases by well-known Ancient Scientists such as Avicina, Razi, Jorjani and Aghili Alavi Shirazi. Medicinal leeches were approved as a traditional product by the Food and Drug Administration of the Ministry of Health and Medical Education of Iran, and the instructions for its use were approved in 2019 in the National Committee of Medicinal Leeches. Some activities carried out at the University of Tehran about the medicinal leeches include: organizing two International Conference and startup weekend on Medicinal Leeches, offering 15 national and international training workshops on reproduction and breeding of medicinal leeches, the first training workshop for technical officers, establishing a protected area for medicinal leeches, pursuing the establishment of a National Committee and constituted the first automated center for reproduction and breeding of medicinal leeches. Currently, leech industry is facing many issues, including the illegal import of leeches from abroad, lack of control on leech overfishing from the natural habitats, which led to the extinction of medicinal leeches, as well as the supplying the medical and health centers with infected leeches, feeding reared leeches with contaminated blood, no- insurance coverages of leech treatment, and medicinal leech farms. The above problems should be solved with special attention and advanced management.

Nowadays the importance of bioactive compounds from seaweeds is well known for pharmacological purposes. In particular, the neutrocytic compounds from seaweed are used as a rich source for medicinal applications. Among seaweeds, brown algae are a valuable source of natural bioactive compounds. These compounds improve health and reduce the risk of diseases. The marine resources from Persian Gulf are riched in algae that their functional properties are not sufficiently known. In recent years, promising insights into the bioactivity of extracts and compounds isolated from marine algae has increased the development of seaweed-derived products with commercial potential. Phlorotannin is one of these important natural bioactive compounds that in this article, an attempt has been made to review its pharmacological properties. The results showed that phlorotannin compounds delayed the oxidation process by inhibiting free radicals in cells and also prevented many cardiovascular diseases, cancer and etc. by reducing possible mutations. Therefore, this bioactive compound can be used to make new drugs and enriched foods to deal with abnormalities in humans.

Quantum biology is one of the emerging disciplines in the field of quantum mechanics that has attracted a lot of attention over the past decade. In the past, it was assumed that the properties of quantum mechanics such as coherence, entanglement, and tunneling would occur only at temperatures close to absolute zero and pure systems; Therefore, they would collapse at ambient temperature and in biological systems which are hot and humid environments. Hence, the non-trivial quantum effects were ignored in biological systems.Is there a functional role for quantum mechanics or coherent quantum effects in biological processes? While this question is as old as quantum theory, only recently have measurements on biological systems on ultra-fast time-scales shed light on a possible answer. Recent evidences suggest that some biological phenomena may use some of the unique properties of quantum mechanics to gain biological advantage. So far, scientists have been able to observe these quantum properties in the processes related to handful of biological phenomena such as photosynthesis, avian magnetoreception, olfaction, and enzymatic catalysis. Quantum biology is the study of such processes. In this review we present the latest results for non-trivial quantum effects in biological phenomena.

Nowadays, coronavirus or the so-called Covid19 has spread all over the globe endangering humans' lives. On the other hand, it has also been a lesson of life for all human beings to take, which has exerted some beneficial impacts on their lives; hence, this immensely little invisible creature has to be treated wisely enough. Thus, one has to refer to old sayings and pieces of advice given by late wise man and philosophers so as to come to a good realization of the situation. In this regard, the late great Iranian bard called Saadi Shirazi, the poet of all ages and eras, is a world-known poet and philosopher whose clear guidelines can be an effective solution to humans' problems these days. Saadi wrote the following triple rhyming couplets about 800 years before universal declaration of human rights. These couplets are still being caroled in different languages as melodies, Anthems and global music. It is, of course, worth mentioning that Achaemenid Cyrus Charter of Human Rights Cylinder was the very first and the oldest human rights charter referring back to 600 BC.